What is the Cryosphere?

The cryosphere refers to the regions of our planet that are frozen or covered in ice and snow, either seasonally or year-round. Climate change is happening in the cryosphere faster and more dramatically than anywhere else on Earth. Yet the consequences of a melting cryosphere extend far beyond these frozen regions, affecting communities and ecosystems worldwide, and in most cases are not reversible for thousands of years.

Why Does Cryosphere Matter?

Loss of polar ice sheets, mountain glaciers, sea ice, permafrost, and snow affects the entire planet. It raises sea levels, diminishes essential freshwater resources from snow and glaciers with creeping desertification, disrupts weather and ocean currents, and amplifies warming through permafrost thaw and sea ice decline. Lose the cryosphere – and we lose the planet as we have known it.

Our Work

ICCI strives to work innovatively, yet in a sustained manner to create new partnerships between cryosphere scientists, governments, non-governmental organizations and the private sector – always bringing the urgency of climate action through the cryosphere lens. ICCI’s staff and volunteers span the globe with our unique combination of former diplomats, senior and early career scientists, and sectoral solutions experts.

In practice, this means ICCI works along two main fronts: first, across a range of policy forums to bring the reality of cryosphere dynamics – especially their global impact, irreversibly and high sensitivity to carbon dioxide (CO2) levels and temperatures well below 2°C – into climate negotiations and decision making. This “Cryosphere Reality” means a sharp focus on emissions reductions to limit further losses, including rapid transition from fossil fuels in line with latest IPCC assessments.

In the UNFCCC context, ICCI serves as the Secretariat to the 25-nation Ambition on Melting Ice (AMI) High-level Group; and also works within bodies such as the Arctic Council, Antarctic Treaty Mechanism and various other UN agencies (UNEP, UNESCO, WMO chief among them). ICCI also contributes knowledge and experience on designing realistic assessments of future adaptation needs, which may move beyond adaptation limits into loss and damage without sufficient and in-time emissions reductions.

Second, ICCI conducts on-the-ground programs with special potential to slow cryosphere loss through reducing black carbon emissions, especially near Arctic and mountain communities. Over the past 15 years, ICCI has become the recognized global expert in reducing black carbon emissions from two important sources: agricultural fire use (by introducing tailored methods that eliminate the need to use fire, improving crop yields, carbon drawdown and decreasing wildfire spread), and domestic heating (wood and coal heating stoves, as well as “combined” stoves used for both heating and cooking). This development-focused work, which carries strong benefits to human health and ecosystems, keeps us in touch with the lived reality of those on the front lines of cryosphere loss.

We believe that much can be accomplished if partners work together across perceived boundaries, whether geographic, organizational, or political. ICCI support governments, NGOs, multi-lateral organizations including development banks, and the private sector with its expertise; and stands always ready to form new partnerships for the protection of the cryosphere – and thus the entire planet.

ICCI's Approach

The Cryosphere

Climate change is happening faster and in far more dramatically visible ways in Earth’s cryosphere than anywhere else on the planet. This includes the snow- and ice-dominated regions around the North and South Poles as well as high mountains ranges. Whether at high latitude or high altitude, temperatures in these regions have already warmed at least twice as fast as the global average. As a result, the ecosystems and communities in these fragile and beautiful places are disintegrating, in some cases right beneath our feet, as ice and ground (permafrost) melt away.

But the greatest threat of this rapidly-warming cryosphere lies not in these regions themselves, but on the entire Earth. This danger includes sea-level rise from melting glaciers and ice sheets; loss of water resources from shrinking snowpack; declining fisheries in both polar oceans, whose cold waters are acidifying and warming faster than anywhere on the planet; disturbed weather patterns and major ocean currents; and carbon releases from permafrost equivalent to a top-10 greenhouse gas emitter, along with the loss of polar sea ice, both of which are increasing global warming even further.

Most of these impacts from a disintegrating cryosphere cannot be reversed, even with declining temperatures. Our only workable option is holding greenhouse gas emissions, especially CO2, as low as possible, and never letting temperatures get that high at all.

Protection of the cryosphere is not only about protecting the peoples and species that live there. It is about protecting all of us.

Learn More About The Cryosphere
Cryosphere Capsules

Salinization Intensified by Sea-level Rise Will Damage Coastal Watersheds by 2100

Geophysical Research Letters, 22 November 2024 Saltwater intrusion into fresh groundwater aquifers is increasingly damaging freshwater agriculture and ecosystems, and corroding underground urban infrastructure along...
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Cryosphere Capsules

COP29 Video of the Week: “Sea Level Changes: Are You Sure You Know Everything About it?”

Sea-level rise results from a combination of several processes, from polar ice sheet loss to mountain glacier melt and more. Structured in a dynamic format,...
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Cryosphere Capsules

Permafrost in Europe’s Mountains Warmed by More Than 1°C Per Decade

Nature Communications, 10 December 2024 Mountain permafrost makes up 30% of global permafrost area, and helps preserve the stability of many high altitude steep mountain...
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Cryosphere Capsules

Following a High Emissions Pathway Could Double Antarctic Freshwater Release into the Ocean by 2100

Geophysical Research Letters, 8 December 2024 Melting Antarctic ice releases freshwater into the Southern Ocean, with profound impacts on regional and global climate systems, as...
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Cryosphere Capsules

COP29 Video of the Week: “Slow Onset, High Impact: What Permafrost Means for the Global 1.5°C Target”

Critical ecosystem stability thresholds are already being crossed in permafrost regions today. These growing impacts will worsen and grow more widespread with every increment of...
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Cryosphere Capsules

First Ice-free Day in Arctic Ocean will Occur with Multiple Compounding Events: Earliest within 3 Years but 7-20 Years Most Likely

Nature Communications, 3 December 2024 This new study used a range of climate models to predict when we could see the first ice-free day in...
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