What is the Cryosphere?

The cryosphere refers to the regions of our planet that are frozen or covered in ice and snow, either seasonally or year-round. Climate change is happening in the cryosphere faster and more dramatically than anywhere else on Earth. Yet the consequences of a melting cryosphere extend far beyond these frozen regions, affecting communities and ecosystems worldwide, and in most cases are not reversible for thousands of years.

Why Does Cryosphere Matter?

Loss of polar ice sheets, mountain glaciers, sea ice, permafrost, and snow affects the entire planet. It raises sea levels, diminishes essential freshwater resources from snow and glaciers with creeping desertification, disrupts weather and ocean currents, and amplifies warming through permafrost thaw and sea ice decline. Lose the cryosphere – and we lose the planet as we have known it.

Our Work

ICCI strives to work innovatively, yet in a sustained manner to create new partnerships between cryosphere scientists, governments, non-governmental organizations and the private sector – always bringing the urgency of climate action through the cryosphere lens. ICCI’s staff and volunteers span the globe with our unique combination of former diplomats, senior and early career scientists, and sectoral solutions experts.

In practice, this means ICCI works along two main fronts: first, across a range of policy forums to bring the reality of cryosphere dynamics – especially their global impact, irreversibly and high sensitivity to carbon dioxide (CO2) levels and temperatures well below 2°C – into climate negotiations and decision making. This “Cryosphere Reality” means a sharp focus on emissions reductions to limit further losses, including rapid transition from fossil fuels in line with latest IPCC assessments.

In the UNFCCC context, ICCI serves as the Secretariat to the 25-nation Ambition on Melting Ice (AMI) High-level Group; and also works within bodies such as the Arctic Council, Antarctic Treaty Mechanism and various other UN agencies (UNEP, UNESCO, WMO chief among them). ICCI also contributes knowledge and experience on designing realistic assessments of future adaptation needs, which may move beyond adaptation limits into loss and damage without sufficient and in-time emissions reductions.

Second, ICCI conducts on-the-ground programs with special potential to slow cryosphere loss through reducing black carbon emissions, especially near Arctic and mountain communities. Over the past 15 years, ICCI has become the recognized global expert in reducing black carbon emissions from two important sources: agricultural fire use (by introducing tailored methods that eliminate the need to use fire, improving crop yields, carbon drawdown and decreasing wildfire spread), and domestic heating (wood and coal heating stoves, as well as “combined” stoves used for both heating and cooking). This development-focused work, which carries strong benefits to human health and ecosystems, keeps us in touch with the lived reality of those on the front lines of cryosphere loss.

We believe that much can be accomplished if partners work together across perceived boundaries, whether geographic, organizational, or political. ICCI support governments, NGOs, multi-lateral organizations including development banks, and the private sector with its expertise; and stands always ready to form new partnerships for the protection of the cryosphere – and thus the entire planet.

ICCI's Approach

The Cryosphere

Climate change is happening faster and in far more dramatically visible ways in Earth’s cryosphere than anywhere else on the planet. This includes the snow- and ice-dominated regions around the North and South Poles as well as high mountains ranges. Whether at high latitude or high altitude, temperatures in these regions have already warmed at least twice as fast as the global average. As a result, the ecosystems and communities in these fragile and beautiful places are disintegrating, in some cases right beneath our feet, as ice and ground (permafrost) melt away.

But the greatest threat of this rapidly-warming cryosphere lies not in these regions themselves, but on the entire Earth. This danger includes sea-level rise from melting glaciers and ice sheets; loss of water resources from shrinking snowpack; declining fisheries in both polar oceans, whose cold waters are acidifying and warming faster than anywhere on the planet; disturbed weather patterns and major ocean currents; and carbon releases from permafrost equivalent to a top-10 greenhouse gas emitter, along with the loss of polar sea ice, both of which are increasing global warming even further.

Most of these impacts from a disintegrating cryosphere cannot be reversed, even with declining temperatures. Our only workable option is holding greenhouse gas emissions, especially CO2, as low as possible, and never letting temperatures get that high at all.

Protection of the cryosphere is not only about protecting the peoples and species that live there. It is about protecting all of us.

Learn More About The Cryosphere
Cryosphere Capsules

Record-Low Antarctic Sea Ice Disrupts Critical Life Stage for Emperor Penguins

Communications Earth & Environment, 26 February 2026 For thousands of years, emperor penguins have relied on stable, coastal sea ice to safely molt, a vulnerable...
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Cryosphere Capsules

Record-Breaking Temperatures in January Along Greenland’s West Coast

Danish Meteorological Institute, 16 February 2026 Greenland’s west coast experienced its warmest January on record, with Nuuk recording the highest monthly average temperature in its...
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Cryosphere Capsules

Increasing Summer Rainfall and Rain-on-Snow Events in Greenland

JGR Atmospheres, 2 March 2026 Rain-on-snow events in Greenland have dramatically increased in frequency, size and intensity since the 1940s, with particularly rapid growth over...
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Cryosphere Capsules

Extreme Rainfall Shapes Permafrost Thaw and Climate Feedbacks

Nature Communications, 26 February 2026 Extreme rainfall in permafrost regions alters soil temperature not only near the surface but also deep underground, increasing thaw and...
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Cryosphere Capsules

COP30 Video of the Week: The Many Impacts of Permafrost Thaw – From Health to Infrastructure

Permafrost thaw not only emits carbon into the atmosphere and destabilizes ground, but also poses increasing hazards to human health, animals, and ecosystems. Speakers discussed...
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Cryosphere Capsules

Antarctic Meltwater Raises Alarm for Rapid Sea-Level Rise, Global Climate Disruptions

Nature Communications, 29 October 2025 Climate models fine-tuned to the interactions between ice sheets, oceans, and the atmosphere show that increasing Antarctic meltwater could alter...
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